Ukuthi isibonelo sesikhala sasezulwini siphatha njani kusuka emuva kwezinkundla zokugcina amaphutha kanye nokuzivocavoca njani?

Kungani isibhamu sokuphuma kuyisibhamu esihlukene kakhulu phakathi kwezinto eziphakeme ezithile kwezinsuku

Amaphakathi we-bridge aqondile kusuka kumlando wokuphambuka kwemoto yezindawo eziningi zokuphambuka kwemoto kwezindawo zokuphambuka kwemoto eziphakade kwezindawo zokuphambuka kwemoto. Ngaphandle kwe-guardrail eyahlukene nesikhathi sokuphambuka kwemoto, iphakathi iyathola umphakathi wokuphambuka kwemoto—okuyinto okuthumela konke ukuthwala kwemoto kwezindawo zokuphambuka kwemoto ngomcimbi wamahlanje. Izincazo zokuphila ziyabonisa lokhu. Idata yaseNingizimu Afrika ibonisa ukuthi ngokwegama elinye, ngokwesibini esine amaphakathi wezindawo zokuphambuka kwemoto ayisigaba sezindawo zokuphambuka kwemoto, futhi izinto ezithile njengamaphakathi we-bridge, izihlahla, nezindlebe zokusebenza zokuphambuka kwemoto ziyizinto eziningi zokuphambuka kwemoto. .

Ukusebenza kwe-crash barrier ekhanyekayo phambi kwe-pier yebhridji kuyisisekelo esibonakalayo kodwa kuyisisekelo esikhulu sokufuna ukwenza: ukubuyisa umoto kusukela kwe-pier ngokuphatha amandla okukhupha ukuze ukuphulukana kwabantu bakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-barrier kufanele ibe yisisekelo esihlakaniphi kuzo zonke izindlela zokubonakala, izinhlangothi zamathuba, neziveli—ngokujabula kwezindawo ezizimele eziphambi kwe-pier.

Ukugcina, Ukubuyisa, nokukhupha Amadlaya: Izintjobo Ezintathu

I-barrier yokulinda i-pier inezintjobo ezintathu ezingafanani okufanele zisebenze ngokulandelanayo. Okokuqala, ukugcina —i-barrier kufanele ikhutshane ngokuphysika umoto ukungafika kwe-pier. Lokhu kubonakala lomlando, kodwa kuyinto engeyona yamuhle ngoba i-barrier ayikwazi ukuba ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Uma ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, umoto ukhutshane kakhulu futhi abantu baphulukana kakhulu. Uma ibe yinkimbinkimbi kancane, umoto ubhala ngaphaya.

Yeyodwa, ukubuyisa ngaphandle kokuthi isilayini esikhubekile indawo yokubhala, kufanele isondele kabusha ekuphakamiseni kwakho ngokuphakamisa okuphakathi kwezindawo zokuhamba. Isifaniso sokuphuma kuyisisekelo esikhulu. Izimboni zokuphuma kuzwa izinkomba zokubhala ziyasiza ukuthi isifaniso sokuphuma sengaphansi kwezinkomba ezingu-12. Uma kubhaleka ngaphezulu kwalokho, indawo yokuphuma iyakwenzela ukuthi umkhombo uphinde aphinde akhululeke emshini wokuphinda noma uqonde isilayini esinye.

Kesithathu, ukuthi kwehlise amandla isilayini sithabatha amandla okuhamba ngokwenza izinto ezingavamile—ukuthwasa, ukuthwasa kanye nokuthwasa kwezinyathelo—ukuze umkhombo asihlale ngendawo enkulu kanye nesikhathi eside. Isilinganisi esikhulu lapho kukhona ukuthwasa okuphakeme okukhona kumuntu osebenzisa umkhombo, akukho amandla okuhamba awo ayathabathwa ngokuphelele.

Ukuzwa Kwamanzi Ngokuphelele: Indlela Esinye Yokwazi

Izihloko zokuzwa ngokomfanekiso kanye nezihloko zokuzwa ngokwesibalo esincane zingakusiza kuncane kuphela, kodwa indlela esiqinisekileyo yokuvumela isilayini sokubhala kwezindawo zokuhamba yizokuzwa ngokuphelele. Iziphetho ezimbili ezikhulu emhlabeni ngu-‘Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware’ (MASH) eNorth America kanye ne-EN 1317 eEurope.

I-MASH ichaza izimo zokuhlola eziye zashintsha phakathi namashumi eminyaka yedatha yokushayisana kwezwe langempela. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwesithiyo sokuvikela idamu kungase kuhilele iloli elincane elingamakhilogremu angu-2 000 elihlasela ngejubane elingamakhilomitha angu-100 ngehora nge-engeli elingama-25 degrees. Ukuhlolwa kufanele kufake isisekelo sebhuloho elilingiswayo, ngoba ukusebenza kwesithiyo kuyashintsha kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ngabe kunamathele emhlabathini noma esakhiweni esiqinile sikakhonkolo .

I-EN 1317 isebenzisa indlela efanayo kodwa inezimoto zokuhlola ezahlukene kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinga lokuvalelwa. Uhlelo olusha lwesithiyo kufanele luhlinzeke okungenani ngokuhlolwa kokuqhumisa okubili: olunye oluhlanganisa imoto elula (ngokuvamile engamakhilogremu angu-900) ukuze kuhlolwe ubukhulu bokushayisana kwabagibeli, nolunye oluhlanganisa imoto esindayo ukuze kutholakale amandla amakhulu angam .

Kuzoba nini uma kufakwa isibonelo sokukhokhela emgagweni

Ukuqhubeka kwesikhathi sokugcina kwezinyathelo zokuphakanyiswa kwezinyathelo zokuvikela izimpuma zokubhekisa kuzo kuyisikhathi sokugcina esikhulu. Icameras ezihambisa ngokukhala kakhulu, amasensha okuhamba ngokukhala kakhulu abekwe kumoto, nezinhlobo zokuthi zingabekwa kuzo zokuvikela zibhalisa idatha ngemigogo engu-1000 ngomzuzu. Umoto wabekwa ekuphakanyiseni kwenye indawo ngokusebenzisa umkhondo wokuphakanyisa noma isistimu yokuphakanyisa, wabulawa ngaphambi kokubhekisa, kwaye emva koko—konke kufana ngemizuzwana engu-150.

Izindlela zokubonisa ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izinyathelo zokuvikela kufanele zilondoloze umoto futhi zizivulele ngendlela efundwa ngokujulile. akukho phansi lwesinyathelo sokuvikela singafika emzini wamoto. isikhundla sesikhundla somoto kufanele asifike ekhaya lwezinyathelo zokuvikela ezingavunyelwe. umoto kufanele akushebele. kukuziphatha kwezinyathelo zokuvikela zezinto ezingabi ngezinye, akukho kungaphezu kwe-5% yemithombo yokuqinisa engafihla ngaphambi kokuthi umoto ushalele ngokuphelele. .

Isiqephu sesiqephu esitholakala kwezinyathelo zokuvikela emzini sasisebenzisa i-MASH Sequential Kinking Terminal nezinyathelo zokuvikela zase-W-beam zase-AASHTO M180 esikhundleni se-12-gauge . Ubude bokuphakathi besistimu yonke, kubandakanya isihlambe sezinyawo, isikhumba, isithuthi, nokubhekisa kusuka ku-300 feet . Isithuthi sasindiswa—kepha kuphela ema-ndawonye amaningi okuqondwa kwesilinganiso ngokwesibonelo esitholakala ngamakhamera evuliweyo ngokwesifunda sokufa.

Isimo Sokusebenza Sokubhekisa Okusenziwa Ngokukhulu

Amaphuzu wesibhakabhaka kuyisemthwakini esingatholakali—kusho ukuthi kuyisemthwakini esiphakade esibekwe ngaphakade ngezinyawo zokuhamba nangaphansi kwezinyawo zokugcina. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isithuthi sokubhekisa amaphuzu asingabhekise kakhulu kabusha ngaphambi kokuba ibhekise kumaphuzu noma ibhekise kuzinyawo zokuhamba ezingaphakade.

Lokhu kukhona lapho isiqondiso se-EN 1317 sokubhekisa ubude besebenza sibhekisa kakhulu. Ubude besebenza yindlela enkulu kakhulu ekusukela kumphakathi wokubhekisa ngaphambi kokubhekisa kuya kumphakathi wokubhekisa okungaphezulu ngokubhekisa ngomkhosi omkhulu . Isiqondiso sisivumela izinhlanganiselo ezine zokubhekisa, kusuka ku-W1 (okuphakeme kakhulu, okungabhekisi kakhulu) ku-W8 (okuphambili kakhulu) .

Kusukela kwezinye zizindiso zokulinda amaphoyisa, isikhundla esincane sokusebenza sikhethwa ngokuphelele ngoba akukho indawo yokuguqula kakhulu. Kodwa isikhundla esincane sokusebenza kusho ukuthi izimilo zokubonakala ziyagcina ngokuphelele kubantu abasebenzisa umkhosi. Ukuchaza okuhambisana kuyisifunda esikhulu: kufanele kube nesibindi sokugcina endaweni engeziwe, kodwa kufanele kube nesibindi esincane ukuze ukubeka kwendlela kungahleli. Lokhu kukhomba ukuthi izizindiso zokulinda amaphoyisa ziyasebenzisa izinkimbinkimbi ezihlukanayo—amashishi ephansi yezinkumbulo zezinkolo, izihlathi ezinokugcina, noma izinkimbinkimbi zokubonakala ezithile—ezihlukanayo ngokuphelele ukuze zihlanganise isimo sokuzimela.

Okokuthi Iziphrinti Zokuzifunda Azikwazi Ukuthi Zithini

Inkampani yokuqinisa ukuthi indlela yokuphatha kwebari ayikwazi ukubona uma ibari libuyele noma libuyele ngokufanele ngokwesifunda. Okungakubonisiyo yena kukuthi indlela yokuphatha kwebhari emva kokugcina okuncane—okukhona kuzo zinkampani eziningi ngeminyaka kumazwe amaningi. Ibari eziningi eziphumelela ngokuphelele ekupheleni kwesifunda kusenziwa ngokuphelele ngokugcina okuncane, kubaluleka ukubuyela kabusha konke. Ezinye zibuyela ngokuncane futhi zisemthethweni.

Kunezinkinga zokulandela ukusebenza. Ibari yepier eyingakwazi ukubonwa noma ukurepairwa kuyizinkinga ezibalulekile kude kwezinsuku, ngaphandle kokuthi yisiphi isikhathi esiphumelelayo ekupheleni kwesifunda. Abaspecifier abanomlando ababhekene ngaphezu kwesifunda sokuphela ukuqonda izindlela zokubuyela—akukho kuphela ukubuyela kwanasekhaya, kodwa nokubonwa, nokurepairwa, nokubuyela kabusha.

Empeleni, izithiyo ezivikela kahle kakhulu lapho kuqhuma khona imikhumbi yilawo alinganisela ukusebenza kahle lapho kuqhuma imikhumbi nokulungiseka okuwusizo. Abakhiqizi abanolwazi olunzulu ekukhiqizeni izivikelo kanye nezikhungo zokwakha njenge-STL Sun bayaqonda ukuthi izimiso ezifanayo zokuguqulwa okulawulwayo nokuphathwa kwamandla ziyasebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvikela ibhuloho noma usekela umthwalo omkhulu wokwakha. Ukuvivinywa kungase kubonakale kumangalisa, kodwa inani langempela lilele ezinkulungwaneni zezinsuku ezingenamicimbi lapho umgoqo umane uhleli khona, wenza umsebenzi wawo ngaphandle kokuthi kube khona obonayo.