Ukh difference phakathi kwezinkinga zokhuseleko ezingafanele, ezingasemthethweni, nokuthi zingaphansi kwezinkinga zokhuseleko?

Izithuthi Ezintathu Ezifundisa Ukuphepha Kwezindawo Zokuphepha

Zonke izinkambo zokuphepha kwezindawo zokuphepha zihlala kwi-ithuthi elithathu elingaphansi ngokuba ziyiphi zokuphepha kusukela ekupheleni kwesikhundla: zokuphepha, ezinamandla kakhulu zokuphepha, noma ezinamandla zokuphepha. Ukuchaza akuyiyo kuphela ukuzwa—kuyiphatha indawo esingafaka kona, izindawo zokufaka, izinhlobo zemoto esingazokwenzela ukuthi zibe yiliphi, futhi ukuthi kuzoba yini kubantu ababebhala ngokuphakama.

Ukuchaza okuphelele kuyiphatha ukuphakama . Inkambo ezingenakwazi ukuphepha iyaphakama kakhulu—ngokuvamile ametri angu-6—futhi iyathola amandla ngokuphakama kwemithambo yamagwire noma amacable . Isilwandle esisodwa asihambeli kancane kakhulu futhi sithwala amandla ngokuphakanyiswa kwesikhundla sesithunzi . Isilwandle esisemidoda sibhekisele kuleso, futhi kusetyenziswa izibhamu zezinkolo ezingaphakanywa futhi zihlukana ukuhanjiswa kwezimboni zokubonakaliswa .

Lokhu ngisho kunezinkambo eziningi zokuthuthukisa futhi nezinkambo eziningi zokugcina. Ukuchaza okuhle kuyiphakade kwenza isilwandle ngokubhekisele kwezinkinga zokusebenza, isimo sezindawo zokubhala, nokuthi yiziphi izinto ezinokuthi zihlukene uma isilwandle sifika ekugcineni.

Amasilo Okuflexible: Amathelo Amanqanqane Ne-System Yezikhalaba

Amasilo okuflexible ayenza ngamathelo amanqanqane athuluzwe noma izikhalaba ezihlanganiswe ngamaposti atholakala ngokubonakaliswa . Uma umkhombo uphuma emasilweni okuflexible, izikhalaba zihlukana futhi amaposti ashipha, okuvumela isilwandle ukuthola kancane—kusho ukuthi kungaphezu kwe-1.5 meters. Lokhu okukhulu kokuthola kusalela amandla okubonakaliswa kude kwezinsuku nezindawo, okuyisibonelo sokuthi amandla okuthwala akhula kancane kumuntu owenziwe ngokubonakaliswa.

Izidatha zokuphuma kwesikhundla sezindlela zisiza kuleli. Isifundo esisilungiselela izidatha zokuphuma kwesikhundla esineshumi elinesibhozo kwa-Iowa sifindile ukuthi izihlangu zokubamba izinkambo zazisandisa amathuba okuphuma kwesikhundla ngokuphelele eminane kwezintathu . Izihlangu zokubamba izinkambo, ngokuchaza, zazisandisa amathuba okuphuma kwesikhundla ngokuphelele nge-12.09%, futhi izihlangu zokubamba izinkambo zazisandisa amathuba okuphuma kwesikhundla ngokuphelele nge-7.69%, ngokulingana nezihlangu zokubamba izinkambo.

Kodwa iziphrofithi zizoba nesilinganiso. Izihlangu ezinamandla zidinga isikhundla esikhulu esingaphambili kwazo—ukubamba kwazo kungaba nengaphezulu yemitha emibili . Lokhu kwenza kuzobalulekile ukuthi azibe zisifanele kwezindawo ezingavumelekile njengoko kwezindawo zokubamba izinkambo, izihlangu zokubamba izinkambo ezingakwazi ukubamba ngokuphelele, noma izindawo ezizungezwe ngokuphelele ngamathuba okubamba izinkambo. Kufanele kube nenkqubo enkulu ekususelweni ngokuphelele emva kokuphuma kwesikhundla ngokuphelele ngoba izihlangu zokubamba izinkambo ziyakhiwa ukuze zibhaleke. Umphumela wokuphuma kwesikhundla umunye ungakhulula izihlangu zokubamba izinkambo ngokuphelele kuze kube kususelwe konke okuphulwe.

Izihlangu ezinamandla: Izihlangu zokubamba izinkambo ezinamandla ezingabuyeke

Kwesinye isibhakabhaka, kubhekwe emva kwesibhakabhaka esisodwa—kubhekwe ngokuvamile ngokwesibhakabhaka sokhupha esisodwa . Lezi sibhakabhaka zihlukana kancane, kubhekwe ngokuvamile kungaphezu kwezimilimita ezingu-50, futhi ziyasebenzisa isithembiso sesithembiso sesivehikili ukuze libuyekele impilo yokuqhubeka ngokuhlanza.

Amasibhakabhaka asisodwa ayizindlela eziphakeme uma akukho indawo eyodwa yokuhlukana . Amapharapethi webrithji, amaziko wezindlu zokugcina, namasibhakabhaka wokugcina emaphakathini wokugcina okwesikhundla esingaphansi kwezifundo zokugcina ziyisibhakabhaka esisodwa ngokuvamile ngoba isibhakabhaka kuphela kuyisibhakabhaka esikhethekile. Kufanele kube nempilo encane ekupheleni kokuhlukana—isibhakabhaka sokhupha esikhiyela ivhekhuli ayikufanele ukubuyiselwa.

Izinkinga ziningi. Amandla aphezulu okunciphisa ijubane adluliselwa kubantu abagibeli enza ukuba izithiyo eziqinile zihlobene nengozi enkulu yokulimala phakathi kwezinhlobo ezintathu. Ukusheshisa okuphezulu kwemoto ekuhlolweni okungama-45 degrees, 80 km/h kwakungu-32g ngesithiyo esomile sikakhonkolo, kuqhathaniswa no-18g ngesithiyo se-W-beam no-7g ngesithiyo se-wire rope esithambile. Leso isibalo esibuhlungu - 32g singaphezu kwalokho abantu abaningi abangasinda kukho ngaphandle kokulimala kakhulu.

Izithiyo eziqinile nazo zibeka abagibeli bezithuthuthu engozini, abangenaso isakhiwo sokuvikela semoto evaliwe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iziphathimandla eziningi zinciphisa izithiyo eziqinile ezindaweni lapho izinzuzo zokuphepha zokuvalelwa zikhudlwana kunobunzima obukhulu babasebenzisi bomgwaqo abasengozini.

Izithiyo Ezingaqinile: Umgogodla W-Beam noThree-Beam

Izimpilo ezisemthethweni—kakhulu izimpilo zezinkambo zokubulawula ezenziwe ngamaphathi—zihlala ziyisibonelo esikhulu sokuthi kuzoba phakade nokugcina. I-“W-beam guardrail” eyenzelwe ngokuphathwa, enenqubo yayo eyodwa yokuqondisa ukuthi iyadlula okukhulu 0.8–1.3 mita ngokwesiphambano, ibuyela amandla ngokuthi amaphathi ayadlula ngokwesibonelo.

Ukusebenza kuyisibonelo phakathi kwalezi zintathu. Izimpilo ezisemthethweni zidla ngapansi kwamazimpilo okudlula, ngakho kungasebenzisa kahle ekuseni kwezinto ezingasiza uma isikhundla sifanele. zidla ngaphezulu kwamazimpilo okugcina, ngakho ukuthi umuntu oyadlula ngaphezulu kuma-“concrete”. Idatha yokuthi kuyabizwa ngokuthi kuyakhiwa ngokufana nge-“Iowa study” ibonisa ukuthi izimpilo zezinkambo ziyakhiwa ngokufana nge-7.69% ngaphezulu kokuthi kuyakhiwa ngokufana ngezimpilo zezinkambo zezikhalo, kodwa ngaphezulu kwezimpilo zezinkambo zezikhalo zokuthi kuyakhiwa ngokufana nge-12.09%.

Izinkambo zezinye zezibalo zezinye zizihlukaniswe ngokuphelele. Isiqondiso esithile sesikhombisa se-W-beam esithile singasivulula futhi sishintsha ngaphandle kokushintsha izinqambo zonke. Iziposti ezinakwenzeka ukubendisa kungashintshwa noma kungashintshwa ngokuphathelana. Lokhu kubalulekile kakhulu emisebeni yezindlu eziphakeme apho isibalo sokunqamela kusenza umkhondo wokuphila okufanele ukwenziwa ngokukhawuleza.

"Ukuphazimula Kwemithambo" ne"Ububanzi Bekusebenza"

Abakholwa bakwazi kuhlanganisa iziphakamiso ezimbili ezihambisana kodwa zingahliwe: ukuphazimula kwemithambo kanti ubude besebenza . Ukuphazimula kwemithambo kukude okukhulu okwenziwa ngokuphazimulwa kwesikhumba sokubhekisa ngokuphazimulwa . Ububanzi bekusebenza kukude okusuka esikhumbeni sokubhekisa ngaphambi kokuphazimulwa ku-ububanzi obukhulu okwenziwa ngokuphazimulwa kwesikhumba sokubhekisa ngokuphazimulwa .

Kusikhuba esilungile, ububanzi bekusebenza kungaba kakhulu kune ukuphazimula kwemithambo ngoba amapostu athile nesikhumba esihlukile singathola isikhumbi esikhulu. Kusikhuba esibomvu, izinombolo zombili ziyafanana ngokuphelele ngoba akukho nto eyohamba.

Lokhu kubalulekile ekukhetheni indawo. Isikhuba esine-ububanzi obukhulu bekusebenza asingakwazi ukufakwa apho kukhona isilungiselelo—isikhuba esinye, isipondo sesikhumba, isikhuba sokuvimba—ngendlela leyo abaningi abadala abasebenzisa amasiko ebusuku bafundile lokhu ngendlela engeyona, bakhetha isikhuba esisenza ngempilo kakhulu emazini okuphazimulwa kuphela ukuba bafunde ukuthi asifanele kwindawo yokuqondwa yamasiko.

Ukukhetha Isilayili Esikhulu: Akakwenzeki Ngokwezinye Ukuthi Kuyisibonelo

Ukukhetha isilayili sokubuhlebulela sisebenza ngokulandela ukuthi izindlela zokuziphatha zokubuhlebulela ziyahlanya nezinkinga zokusebenza kusendaweni ngendlela esingasenza ngayo isilayili esikhulu nje.

Izilayili ezinamandla ziyakhethwa kakhulu kuma-median enene nezindawo zokuphuma kwemilonga apho kukhona indawo epholile yokubuyisa, ibalulekile kakhulu ukuthi abantu abasebenzisa imilonga ayifanele ukwazi ukuthi bafanele. kwakho, ziyisikhundla esihle kakhulu kuma-runs emininzi yokuqinisa indawo yokuqala kokuphuma kwemilonga ngoba isistimu yamaphathi nezinkambo zisethula amathuba angaphezu kwezinhloso zokubuhlebulela zokubhala izinkambo zokubuhlebulela.

Izilayili ezinamandla kancane ziyasebenza kahle kumkhondo wokuphambili—izimilonga zokuphambili, izindawo zokuphambili zama-bridge, nezindawo zokuphuma kwemilonga apho kukhona indawo epholile. isistimu yamaphathi yomkhondo yomkhondo yisistimu esikhulu kwenyono yonke ngoba iyahlanya ukuthi yisilinganiso phakathi kohlukeni lwamakhanda, ukuthi yisilinganiso phakathi kohlukeni lwamakhanda, nokuthi yisilinganiso phakathi kohlukeni lwamakhanda.

Izilayili ezinamandla kakhulu ziyinto esingasenza ngazo xa akukho indawo ekhona ukuthi iphindele izihlathi zokuphakama, izihlathi zokugcina, nezihlathi zokuphakama zezindawo eziphakeme ngaphandle kwezihlathi zokuphakama ziyizihlathi ezikhazimulayo ngokunzima, akazi ngokuthandwa.

Into engekubonwanga kakhulu yisilinganiso phakathi kwezihlathi zokugcina ezahlukeneyo. Ukuguqula kusha kwezihlathi zokugcina ezinamandla emva kwezihlathi zokugcina zezinkolo zokuphakama kwenza ukuthi izihlathi zokugcina zibheke kusilinganiso sokukhazimulayo okungasemthethweni, okungaba yindlela yokugcina okungabonakala noma ukugcina kusilinganiso. Izilinganiso ezinhle zokuguqula—ukuguqula kusilinganiso sokukhazimulayo ngendlela eyisilinganiso esingaphansi kwemitha ethathu—ziyisisekelo sokugcina isistimu.

Abahambisi beshiya i-STL Sun abayenza izihlathi zokugcina nezihlathi zezinkolo zokuphakama babazi le ndlela yokubona isistimu. Isihlathi sokugcina siyisihlathi sokugcina sokuqala, futhi le yisihlathi sokugcina esingaphansi kakhulu kuyisihlathi sokugcina phakathi kwezihlathi ezahlukeneyo noma isihlathi sokugcina esiphakathi kwezihlathi zokugcina. Iziphumo ziyisisekelo, kodwa ukugcina kwezihlathi zokugcina kuyisisekelo sokugcina.